"""The SI units.

See also units.py for a huge bestiary of other units; and
        http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/current.html
        http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/
for definitive sources of information about units.

Note that Quantity equips certain kinds of quantity with extra attributes:
time.light, mass.weight or mass.force, trigonometric attributes for angles,
their inverses and a few relatives for scalars, Centigrade and Fahrenheit
equivalents for temperatures.  See quantity.py for details.

$Id: SI.py,v 1.14 2007/03/24 16:53:35 eddy Exp $
"""
from quantity import *

# The base units
second = sec = s = base_unit('s', 'second',
                             """The SI base unit of time.

9192631770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between
the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom.""")

m = metre = base_unit('m', 'metre',
                      """The SI base unit of length.

The length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of
1/299792458 of a second. """)

kilogramme = kilogram = kg = base_unit('kg', 'kilogramme',
                                       """The SI base unit of mass.

The mass of the *International Prototype* kilogramme (a platinum-iridium
cylinder) kept in the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM),
Sèvres, Paris.""")

A = Ampere = base_unit('A', 'Ampere',
                      """The SI base unit of electric current.

That constant current which, if maintained in two parallel rectilinear
conductors, of immense length and negligible circular cross-section, placed 1
metre apart in a vacuum, would produce a force between these conductors equal to
2e-7 newton per meter of length.""")

K = Kelvin = base_unit('K', 'Kelvin',
                      """The SI base unit of temperature.

The fraction 1/273.16 (exactly) of the thermodynamic temperature at the triple
point of water. """)

mol = base_unit('mol', 'Mole',
                """The SI base unit of `amount of substance'.

The amount of substance which contains as many elementary units as there are
atoms in 12e-3 kilogrammes (exactly) of pure carbon-12.  The elementary unit
must be specified and may be atom, molecule, ion, radical, electron, photon
<I>etc</I>. or collection of elementary units. """)

cd = candela = base_unit('cd', 'Candela',
                        """The SI base unit of luminous intensity.

The luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits
monochromatic radiation of frequency 540e12 Hz and that has a radiant intensity
in that direction of 1/683 W/sr.

[540 tera Hz light has a wavelength of 555 nm; the human eye's peak response is
to light with a wavelength of about 550 nm.  An older variant of the definition
specified the candela as the luminous intensity, in the perpendicular direction,
of a surface of 1/60 square centimetere of a black body at the freezing (or,
equivalently, melting) temperature of platinum under a pressure of 101325 Pascal
(i.e. 1 atmosphere).]""")

rad = radian = base_unit('rad', 'Radian',
                        """The SI supplementary unit of angle.

The angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc of the circumference
equal in length to the radius of the circle.""")

sr = steradian = base_unit('sr', 'Steradian',
                          """The SI supplementary unit of solid angle.

The unit of solid angle is the solid angle subtended at the center of a sphere
of radius r by a portion of the surface of the sphere having area r*r.""")

# Composite SI units
stere = metre**3                # c.f. litre
are = (10 * metre) ** 2         # c.f. hectare in units.py
lm = lumen = candela * steradian # Luminous flux
lx = lux = lumen / m**2         # Luminance, Illumination
Hz = Hertz = 1 / second         # Frequency
C = Coulomb = Ampere * second   # Charge

N = Newton = kilogramme * metre / second ** 2 # Force
J = Joule = Newton * metre      # Energy
W = Watt = Joule / second       # Power
Pa = Pascal = Newton / m**2     # Pressure
P = poise = Pascal * second     # dynamic viscosity

V = Volt = Joule / Coulomb      # Electromagnetic potential
Wb = Weber = Joule / Ampere     # Magnetic flux
Ohm = Volt / Ampere             # Electrical resistance
S = Siemens = 1 / Ohm           # Conductance
F = Farad = second / Ohm        # Capacitance
H = Henry = Weber / Ampere      # Inductance
T = Tesla = Weber / m**2        # Magnetic flux density

# More properties of the mole:
mol.also(
    Avogadro = Quantity(sample(602.2045, .003), zetta / mol, "Avogadro's number"),
    charge = Quantity(sample(96.48456, .00027),
                      kilo * Coulomb / mol,
                      doc="""Faraday's Constant

This is the charge per mole of protons; it is the charge transferred when
electrolysis liberates some univalent electrolyte, per mole liberated.\n"""),
    volume = Quantity(sample(22.4136, .003), milli * stere / mol, # .54781 firkin / mol
                      """Molar volume of an ideal gas at STP.

At standard temperature (zero Centigrade, 273.15 Kelvin) and pressure (one
atomosphere), one mole of any ideal gas will have a volume of 22.4136 litres.
Compare particle.Nucleon.amuk and mol.Loschmidt.\n"""))

# (mol.volume / mol.Avogadro)**(1./3) = 3.33879 * nano * metre
mol.also(
    Loschmidt = Quantity(1, mol.Avogadro / mol.volume,
                         """Loschmidt's number (gently rescaled).

Loschmidt's name is normally associated with the number of molecules (or atoms,
as appropriate) in one cubic centimetre of ideal gas under standard conditions;
however, since that makes it really a number per unit volume, I've gently
abridged the standard definition to give the number density of molecules (or
atoms); multiply this by cm**3 to get the orthodox number. """),
    Faraday = mol.charge)
# See also ../chemy/physics.py, which adds the gas constant, R.