m LFc@s dZdklZdklZlZdklZlZl Z l Z l Z l Z l Z lZlZlZlZlZlZlZlZlZlZlZlZlZlZlZlZlZdkl Z l!Z!l"Z"l#Z#dk$l%Z%ee!i&eddZ'defd YZ(d e(fd YZ)d e)fd YZ*dZ+e+dddddde+dddde*ddddeddde+dddde+dddd e*dd!dde ed"e+d#dd"d$e+d%d#d$d&e*dd&dd'edd(d)e+d*d%d)d+e*dd,dd-edd.d/e+d0d*d/d1e+dd0d1 Z,e,i-d2e,i.e,i/e,i0e,i1e,i2e,i3e,i4e,i5fd3eZ6e*dd4d5ed6e6eeZ7e*dd7ded8d9e6eed5ed8d9e6d6eeZ8e*dd:ded;d<e6e ed5ed=d>e6eed?e*dd@ded;dAe6e edBe*ddCdedDdEe6e edFe*ddGdedHdIe6e edJdKZ9e*ddLdedMdNe6e ed5edOdPe6eeZ:e*ddQdedRdSe6e ed5edRdSe6d6eeZ;e*ddTdedMe6e eZ<[6dUe(fdVYZ=dWe=fdXYZ>dYe=fdZYZ?d[e=fd\YZ@d]e@fd^YZAd_e@fd`YZBdaefdbYZC[ed8e d3d8e dcZDee'iEeDddZFeFdedfdge dhdieDdjdkdle dmdndoe dmdn eFdpdqdre dsdtee dudvdwe d3dxdye dzdx eFd{d|d}e d~dee ddxde ddxde ddM fZG[De?iHiIZIeIi-ddeede(fdYZJde)eJfdYZKde=eJfdYZLdeLfdYZMeMiEZNZOe?iHiIiEiPee dde eNe?iHiQiEiPdeNeMdd8dee ddee'iEdee ddeNee dde efdddeddeededee dde ed6dee dd3e ed6ZReMd8ddee ddee'iEdee ddeNee dde efddee ddeddd8de'eReIe>iHiIiSffddeededee dde ed6dee dde ed6ZTe"iUe!iVe!i&deeIiEZWeWiPee dde ee*iXe!iVdeIiEdeRiEe"iYdZZ[ [!["[#[[[[%[ [ [ [ [ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[dS(szParticle physics. The quark/lepton/neutrino table has three columns, each with four rows: one row for the neutrino, one for the lepton, two for the quarks. One quark in each column (the -quark below) has charge 1/3 that of the electron, the other has -2 times this (which is a positive charge, hence this is the +quark row). Since the neutrino is simply known by association with the lepton, e.g. the `electron neutrino' in the first column, I elide their row from the following table: lepton electron muon tau -quark down strange beauty +quark up charm truth The quarks in the last column are also known as bottom and top. Most matter is composed of the first column: indeed, most matter is hydrogen, comprising a proton and an electron; the proton is made of two up quarks and one down. See also: elements.py $Id: particle.py,v 1.28 2007-08-07 21:56:29 eddy Exp $ (sLazy(sQuantitysObject(stophatspisharposfemtospicosnanosmicrosmilliskilosmegasgigasteraspetasexasgramsmetresmolssecondsyearsVoltsAngstromsHertzsJoulesTesla(ssamplesQuantumsVacuumsThermal(sDecaytdocsAThe electron-Volt: a standard unit of energy in particle physics.tParticlecBstZeiZdZeid(ZdZdZdZd Z d Z d e fd YZ de d Z[ dZeiZdZdZediZdeedZedZ[dZdZdZeiddZeie i!ddZ"eiei#dZ$dZ%dZ&eidZ'ei#dZ(ei)eid Z*ei)d!Z+eid"Z,e i!dd#Z-d$Z.d%Z/d&Z0d'Z1RS()NcOsay|d|_Wntj on X|d=t|i|||i||i ||_ dS(sDescribe a particle's rest-state. Required argument, name, is the name of the particle. Other arguments are handled as for Object (q.v.) except for these keywords: constituents -- should be a mapping { particle: number } with self comprising the given number of instances of each particle. Shalln't appear as an attribute: see the eponymous method. The following keyword arguments, if supplied, should match the interpretation of them used in this class: decay -- probability per unit time of decaying lifetime -- expected time to decay, inverse of decay halflife -- half-life of particle decays -- a decay.Decays (q.v.) object. You can use an Object(particle, kinetic=energy) to specify a particle of the given type with some specified kinetic energy. t constituentsN( twhattselft_Particle__bitstKeyErrortapplyt_Particle__obinittargst _store_as_tnamet __class__t_Particle__name(RR R R((t*/home/eddy/.sys/py/study/chemy/particle.pyt__init__$sR tsymboltchargetantic Gs!y |i}Wn tj oh|d\}}|| j pt|i|d||||YscCs t|tS(N(t isinstanceRR(R((RRZscCsiy |i}Wntj o dSnX||jodSnx&|D]}t||odSqCqCW|S(s9Returns None if obj is primitive, else its constituents. N( tobjRtboktAttributeErrortNonetptmtkR(RRRRR((RtcarveXs    iN(RRtbitsRtcopytanstfiltert primitivesRtitemsRtvtbtqtrtAssertionErrortget( RR#R'R&RR%RR(R!R((RREs(  '   &#cCsB|i }x1|iD]#\}}||it|}qW|S(N(RtenergytsumRR$RR%tabs(RRRR%R,((Rt __bindenerus   cGs|it|i|S(N(Rt_Particle__bindenerRRR#(RR#((Rt bindingenergy{scGst|i||iS(N(RRR0R#R+(RR#((Rtbindingfraction~scGsAt|i|}|i|tdtt|i dS(NcCs||S(N(taR&(R2R&((RRsi( RRRR#RR/treducetmapR-tvalues(RR#R((Rtbindingenergyperst __ItemCarriercBs9tZeiZdZdZdefdYZRS(NcOsR|idh}|ihdd<dd<||dTime taken for the probability of having decayed to reach halfN(R`Rtdecay(RRAR`((Rt_lazy_get_halflife_scCs d|iS(s8Expected time to decay, for a particle of the given typeiN(RRe(RRA((Rt_lazy_get_lifetime_scCsyhdd<|i}Wn tj od|i}nXy5h}x(|iiD]\}}| ||%s(RtfamilytleptontlepR(RRAR((Rt_lazy_get_symbol_ s (RIRJRR RRiR(((RRs  tLeptoncBsNtZdZdZdefdYZedhdd<Z[dZRS(sLepton: primitive fermion.it__itemcBstZdZRS(NcCs |iiS(N(RR@R(RRA((RRB)s(RIRJRB(((RR(sR8s anti-electronRhcCs4t||idtiitii|ii i fS(N( tDecayRReRRRPR@RRtneutrinoR(RRA((Rt_lazy_get_decays_-s(RIRJRRiRKt _Lepton__itemRPR(((RR$s tQuarkcBs?tZdZdZdZdefdYZeZRS(Ns Quark.itemcCst|dS(Ni(RR(RRA((RR5scCs|iddS(Nf0.5i(RRi(RRA((Rt_lazy_get_isospin_6stCKMcBstZdZRS(sCabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix The CKM matrix describes weak decays between uQuark and dQuark of the various flavours. Its complex conjugate describes the decays between their anti-particles. The matrix is necessarily unitary. This implies that the sum of squared-moduli of each row or column is 1. It also implies zero as various sums of three terms; each such sum can be represented on an Argand diagram as a triangle, known as 'a unitarity triangle', whose height (perpendicular to its longest side) characterises the amount of charge-parity symmetry violation involved in the decays described by the two columns (or two rows) involved. The one describing transitions involving the bottom and down quarks, cd.cb* +td.tb* +ud.ub* = 0, is anticipated to have most height - the rest are all expected to be relatively flat - consequently, this unitarity triangle is generally referred to as *the* unitarity triangle; its usual depiction re-scales its longest side, cd.cb*, to lie along the real axis from 0 to 1, with ud.ub* as the edge coming out of the origin. The angle at the origin, opposite td.tb*, is then called γ, the angle at the top, opposite cd.cb*, is called α and the angle opposite ud.ub* is called β. See: http://physicsweb.org/articles/world/20/4/4/1 (RIRJR(((RR8s (RIRJRRRRR(((RR3s   tuQuarkcBstZdZRS(Ni(RIRJRi(((RRRstdQuarkcBstZdZRS(Ni(RIRJRi(((RRSstFamilycBs2tZdZdZdZdZdZRS(s0A family of the standard model's table of primitive fermions. Each family comprises a neutrino, a lepton and a pair of quarks. The lepton is easy to detect and its charge is Millikan's quantum. The neutrino is named for the lepton in its family (i.e. electron neutrino, muon neutrino or tau neutrino). The quarks are named independently and there's some contention over the third family quark-names. http://golem.ph.utexas.edu/category/2007/06/this_weeks_finds_in_mathematic_14.html lists four force bosons along with the three families, alongside a table, suggestively lining up each boson with a particle type; although I would be inclined to line up gamma (the photon) with the charted leptons, W or Z with neutrinos, the other of these and the gluon with the quarks. cCsD|||_|_||f|_||_|_|_|_dS(N(RRRtnegtpostquarksR(RRRRR((RRdscCs dt|it|ifS(Ns %s+%s-family(treprRRR(R((RRiscCsdS(Ni((R((Rt__len__lscCs]|djo |iSn|djo |iSn|djo|i|dSntddS(Niiiis+A quark/lepton family has only four members(ii(tindRRRRt IndexError(RR((Rt __getitem__ms   (RIRJRRRRR(((RRUs    cCs||S(sReturns a sample from `almost zero' up to a given value. Required argument is the upper bound on some quantity: optional second argument is a distribution on the unit interval (its default is nearly uniform) which doesn't quite straddle zero. N(Rltval(RRl((Rtbelowusc Cstt|dt| || t|dt|| d|dt|t t |d|t| t|d|t| S(s?Deciphering Kaye&Laby p449. Positional arguments are as follows: neutrino mass -- upper bound, measured in MeV lepton name -- string lepton symbol -- string lepton mass -- in MeV lepton decay rate -- fraction of the given lepton species which decay per second -ve quark name -- name of the quark of charge with -ve charge e/3 -ve quark mass -- mass estimate, in GeV, for the -ve quark +ve quark name -- name of the quark of charge with +ve charge 2*e/3 +ve quark mass -- mass estimate, in GeV, for the +ve quark R[RReN(RRtlnomRtundertnmtmevRtlmtlsymtlratetHertzRtmnomtmmRRtpnomtpm( RRRRRRRRRRR((RtKLfamilys !-f4.6e-05R@Rf 0.5110034f1.3999999999999999e-06f1.0f6.0000000000000002e+28tdownf0.34999999999999998f0.0050000000000000001tupf0.52000000000000002tmuonsμf105.65931999999999f0.00029f2.1970900000000002f5.0000000000000002e-05tstrangef0.050000000000000003tcharmf1.5iJttausτf1784.2f3.2000000000000002f0.34000000000000002R<f4.7000000000000002R:i(tmagneticmomentf9.2847636200000004e-24tHadroncBstZdZRS(sParticles composed of quarks. (RIRJR(((RRs tMesoncBstZdZRS(sQuark anti-quark combinations.(RIRJR(((RRs tBaryoncBs tZdZeiZdZRS(s#Particles composed of three quarks.cKs?|ihd|<d|<d|<t|if|dS(NR R[R(RR>R R[RRRt_Baryon__upinit(RR R[RR((RRs((RIRJRRRR(((RRs  tNucleoncBsStZeiZdZedeeieddZ ee e i ddZ RS(NcKsHhtii|<tii|<|dX  " ""@ & %     ! %& %II'   , 7  7 %&#1